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Links at this page were checked at 6 sept. 2007 |
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Dutch landscapes and other |
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Gallery of the Netherlands. Click the picture to visit this growing database of pictures of Dutch landscapes, townviews, mill's and rivers. (Amateur) photographers daily provide this database of new photographs from all over the country. If you want to have your personal photo of any place in the Netherlands added to this database, just feel free to contact me |
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Submenu of this history-page | |
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This is the SUBMENU of the History-page.You will find a similar submenu on all main pages of the CarPark site. Furthermore you'll find some search- and translation tools at the top of each page.The language tool will allow you to translate Dutch words into English. All EXTERNAL links (links to other sites than the CarPark) will be opened in a new window.
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| The Dutch: slavery and the slave-trade
Surinam, one of the the most 'black' pages of all black pages of Dutch history. Simple timeline Atlantic slave-trade facts 1619The first (20) Africans arrived in Jamestown on a Dutch ship and were traded for supplies. 1629 The Dutch capture Pernambuco, N.E.Brazil. There's a growing need for slaves on the sugar plantations 1634 Curacao (captured 1634 by the Dutch, Johan van Walbeeck) and St.Eustace colonized by Dutch colonists from the province of Zeeland led by merchant Jan Snouck in 1636, are becoming important illegal trade-stations, harbors of transit and slave-depots
1637 Governor Johan Maurits of New Holland (Brazil) captures Elmina, Gold Coast (Ghana) as a 'loading-berth' for fresh negroes 1637-1645 40.000 slaves shipped by the Dutch from the Westcoast of Africa to Brazil. 1640 Secession Portugal from Spain: the Spaniards (no longer being able to make use of the Portuguese slave-merchants) start trading -illegally- with the Dutch at Curacao and St.Eustace. Also French and English buy their slaves here for the sugar-plantations on their Caribbean possessions. 1645 Decline of power of the Dutch in N.E. Brazil: Recife is the latest stronghold till 1654 1652 The colony Surinam, founded by the English at the mouth of the Surinam River 1662 Legalization of the Dutch WIC slave-transports to Spanish colonies via Curacao: 2000 slaves every year (increased to 8000 yearly from 1668 on) 1667 Abraham Crijnssen captures fort Willoughby in Surinam during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. At the Peace of Breda the Dutch possession of Surinam and the English possession of Nieuw Nederland is ratified. Jewish and Huguenot planters settle in Surinam. At that moment abt.30-45.000 slaves are present in the colony.* 1689 Curacao is becoming a free haven and stays a place of transit for slaves transported there by the WIC 1730 The WIC looses the monopoly on slave-trade: private merchants are allowed to participate in the slave trade. In 1734 it also was allowed to private merchants to buy slaves at the WIC fort Elmina and sell them all along the Guyana coast (Surinam, Demerara, Berbice and Essequibo) 1815 (June,15) Royal Decree to forbid slave-trade to Dutch subjects. Illegal Dutch slave-transports, though, did continue 1834 The English abolish slavery 1848 The French abolish slavery 1863 The Dutch abolish slavery *The Dutch did transport abt. 100.000 slaves in the 17th- and another 400.000 in the 18th century to Suriname (probably even more, since illegal transports are not measured). At the moment of the Dutch abolition of slavery only abt. 22.000 still were alive! You don't need documents about the cruelty of Dutch slave-owners to figure how slaves have been treated... NB: Due to the organization of the WIC and pre-WIC settlements of Zeeland merchants in the Caribbean area, the region of Zeeland had a dominant position on the Wild Coast (Guyana) and the Windward Isles. Sources:
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The Atlantic area |
South Africa (The Cape) |
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Dutch involvement |
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General Slavery |
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Slave-studies.net Lest We Forget. Triumph over Slavery |
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Chronology on the History of Slavery and Racism1619 to 1789 Very informative site |
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Breaking the Silence. Learning about the Atlantic Slave Trade. (a very fine designed site. Partly still under construction, but very promising) |
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The Slave Trade Covering almost all aspects of slavery |
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African Slave Trade: countries envolved and the ending of trade and slavery Date's are official but in reality not absolute: in many cases trade/slavery continued more or less | |||
| Country | Remarks | Halt to the slave trade | Abolition of slavery |
| Spain | 1510 First slaves shipped to Spanish colonies in South America via Spain 1817 Halt to the trade, north of the equator |
1820 |
1886 / 88 |
| Portugal | Portugal started trading slaves: in 1444 slaves from Mauritania,Africa were brought to this land and in 1450 the first slaves were brought to the Cape Verde islands. Portugal part of Spain 1580-1641 Gradual abolition of the slave trade in the Southern Atlantic starting 1810 |
1853 | 1869 1878 |
| England | Main slave trader. Did have important influence on other nations to halt the slave trade and the abolition of slavery. First decisions to gradually abolition of the slave trade in 1792 | 1805 1807( buying, selling and transporting slaves illegal) 1811 |
1833 1834 |
| France | 1794 emancipation of all slaves in the French colonies | 1848 | 1848 |
| The Netherlands | May 7, 1859 abolition of slavery for Dutch East Indies. In some parts of this colony however the emancipation came later: Bali 1877, and Soembawa 1910. | 1814 | 1862 / 63 |
| Denmark | 1792 First attempts to halt the slave trade |
1804 | 1846 |
| Sweden | 1813 | 1846 | |
| USA | State of Vermont, abolition of slavery 1777 | 1808 | 1865 (13th Amendment) |
| Worldwide | Slavery was abolished in Brazil (1888) and Cuba(1886) . New Republics in South America did fight for emancipation during their own struggle for freedom. Slavery was declared illegal in 1936 in North Nigeria |
by 1890 | |
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Links specifically concerning Abolition of the slave trade and the end of slavery | |
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Gert Oostindie(ed.), "Fifty years later. Capitalism, modernity, and antislavery in the Dutch orbit", KITLV Press, Leiden, 1995. ISBN 90 6718 096 3 |
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Online Database: Slave Movement During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries ...records of slave ship movement between Africa and the Americas, slave ships of eighteenth century France, slave trade to Rio de Janeiro, Virginia slave trade in the eighteenth century, English slave trade (House of Lords Survey), Angola slave trade in the eighteenth century, internal slave trade to Rio de Janeiro, slave trade to Havana, Cuba, Nantes slave trade in the eighteenth century, and slave trade to Jamaica. |
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Black Pages of our East Indies colonial past |
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Jan Pieterszn Coen and the extinction of the population on the Banda islands In Search of Banda's Refugee Villages Contact and colonialism in the Banda Islands, Maluku, Indonesia |
